Introduction

The Renaissance and Development of Thai Traditional Medicine

The New Decade of Thai Traditional Medicine (1992 - 2001)

The Clinical Use of Thai Traditional Medicine

Integration into the Primary Health Care System

Integration into the Modem Medical Health Care Services

Budget Allocation and Support from the Government

The Role of Education in Improving Standards of Thai Traditional Medicine
 

 

In Thailand there have been around 100,000 folk healers all over the country, only 38,000 have license as traditional medical practitioners and around 18,000 are still alive but not all of their practising. In 1995 there were 635 clinics and 12.268 drug stores. While there are 13,634 medical doctors. 803 hospitals with 101,166 beds, 9,503 health centers resulting high production and imporhng modern medicine into the country as shown in Table I. In 1987 total production of medicine for human was 5,145.76 million baht had gone up to 18,120.41 in 1995 and the import of modern medicine for human in 1987 was 2,325.43 million baht had gone up to 10,676.01 million baht in 1996. If add up both production and import of modern medicine for human to 1987 would be 7,417.18 million baht compare to 1996 would be 28,796.42 million baht or 3.8 times higher. It would be even more expenses If include higher technology, hospitalization which are the tools of modern medicine. In 1987 the expenses for import modem maddest equipments was 18,600 million baht which add up to very high expenditure of the country which this phenomena not only occurs in Thailand but all over the world.

The increasing interest in Thai traditional medicine is part of a world wide trend. recognising that so many of our modem medicines originate from the plant world, and that this knowledge can be used in several ways. Exploited for use m pharmaceutical products, constantly searching for new and effective remedies, or, also, as part of in wisdom for use in treating many common, and some uncommon, conditions. The former ends up as a major burden on the budget of any Health Ministry, whilst the latter, wisely used, can be a very effective method of applying curative and preventive measures particularly at local level. The rising financial burden of manufacturing pharmaceutical products m Thailand, and importing them (as shows in Table I), has been a strong added incentive to integrate traditional medicine into the overall health care provision in Thailand. For interest, we have included the comparable costs for veterinary medicines as animal health has implications for humans and considerable commercial significance in both domestic and export markets.


Table I. Production or Import of modern medicine into the country from 1987-1995

 

Year

Production of modern medicine
Import of modern medicine
for human
for animal
total (mil.baht)
for human
for animal
total (mil.baht)
1987
5,145.75
309.15
5,454.90
2,325.43
478.11
2,803.54
1988
6,708.85
181.27
6,890.12
2,570.96
592.60
2,163.58
1989
8,372.85
223.99
8,596.84
3,307.60
624.82
3,932.42
1990
8,886.02
290.50
9,172.52
3,449.08
870.18
4,319.26
1991
9,657.54
325.68
9,983.22
4,216.41
1,033.89
5,250.30
1992
10,696.54
385.05
11,081.60
4,682.61
1,114.14
5,796.75
1993
11,831.03
275.66
12,106.69
5,075.31
1,145.35
6,220.66
1994
12,969.68
284.35
13,254.03
6,086.63
1,211.63
7,298.26
1995
15,820.87
461.74
16,288.61
9,276.47
1,487.20
10,763.67
1996
18,120.41
527.82
18,648.23
10,676.01
1,694.21
12,370.22
Source : Department of Food and Drugs.

Therefore, every country like Thailand, is now looking for alternative ways for medical services system. Thailand has very long history of Thai traditional medicine but has some cessation for almost a hundred years which will be describe later on. The Royal Thai Government has decided to revive Thai traditional medicine and integrate into present modem health care system. Before describing how integration has been made, it is important to know the present structure of Thai health care system.

The Renaissance and Development Thai Traditional Medicine
The Decade of Thai Traditional Medicine (1992-2001)

 

The original concept of the National Institute of Thai Traditional medicine (NITTM) was, as mentioned, to be that of a coordinating body. Following a meeting of various concerned parties from the Ministry, of Public Health, different health sectors, researchers from universities, traditional folk healers and the general public, it was decided to introduce a “Decade of Thai Traditional Medicine" in the7th and 8th National Health Development Plans. The overall objective is to preserve Thai traditional medicine, the national heritage and wisdom of Thailand, besides developing it to become an integral part of the present national health care and primary healthcare system, leading to self reliance within the health care delivery system both at national and community level.

Specific objectives are to:-

1.Support and promote various roles of That traditional medicine in the national health care system. As an alternative choice to broaden health promotion by trying to solve health problems through self reliance at the personal, family, community and national levels;

2. Upgrade the standard of Thai traditional medicine for accep tance and integration into the national health system:

3. Support the basis of Thai traditional medicine, by developing a comprehensive system and strategy for its work, to include academic development research, health information System Human resources development, administrative services integrated into the national health care system, production of medicinal herbs and Thai medicines, dissemination of information and promote the utilization of Thai traditional medicine:

4. Support organizations and agencies who deal with Thai traditional medicine, both government and private sectors. The National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine (NITTM) has cooperated with many other institutions to put together projects of the objectives set out above, coming under the following categories :-

1. Problems and constraints in integrating Thai traditional and modem medicines;

2. Clinical use of Thai traditional anathema;

3. Integration into primary health care ;

4. Integration into modern medicine (aggravated by a century of neglect);

5. Budget allocation and sup -port from the Government:

6. Human resources development (HRD);

7. Information systems development;

8. Research and development(R&D);

9. Action plan and solutions to various constraints experienced so tar:

10. Future plans

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The Clinical Use of Thai Traditional Medicine
There are two ways in which herbal medicine is used for curative purposes :The first, according to Thai traditional theory viz. using the four main elements in diagnosis-wind, water, earth and fire-making decisions holistically, and using more than one herb. The Ministry of Public Health has announced 28 items of traditional medicine to be included in the list of general household medicines. Secondly, used on the basic of scientific findings, it has been integrated into clinical practice in health care services, Le. at health centers, district hospitals and some provincial hospitals.

Integration into the Primary Health Care System

As a start in revitalizing Thai traditional medicine, it was considered appropriate it to the primary health care sector, the grass root level of modern medicine. Government policy on this matter was first clearly outline after implementation of the 5th National Economic and Social Development Plan (1982-1986). The general public was encouraged to used locally available herbs for curative purposes. Experts from modern and traditional medicine met to select appropriate herbs which could be beneficially used by the public in their daily life. People were also encouraged to grow herbs and usedthese for medicinal purposes. 28 herbs were recognized by the Ministry of Public Health as suitable for household use. Adapting herbal medicine for use in state run clinical institutions gave encouraging results. The criteria used for selecting herbs as

medicine was that they should be used as a single herb and general information be available on it qualities for curing the particular fitness . The scientific aspects of the herbs were also considered, chemical name, side effects and toxicity were recorded. Some 160 different medicinal plants were selected for initial screening. However, there were differences of opinion among the academics involved, who did not agree to the use of single herbs for treatment. According to Thai traditional medicine theory, a single herb cannot cure an illness, it requires a balance of several herbs, a more holistic approach. Therefore, to coordinate their use in both modern and traditional medicine, 61 of the original 150 were selected, as believed to have the qualities for citing group of diseases caused by 17 symptoms (see Appendix 1)

 

Criteria for selecting herbs for Primary health care
1. The herbs selected were for use in curing diseases/illnesses which were frequent at the primary level, as constipation, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, stomach upsets, giddiness, cough, fever, dysuria, ringworm, insomnia, eczema, lice, infected seborrhea, minor skin infections, insect bites, burns, act.
2. These were mostly chosen from commonly used vegetables and fruits, for example, lemon, ginger, tumeric, garlic, banana, basil, guava, etc.
3. There should be sufficient scientific evidence of curative proper ties in respect of conditions as in1.above, but whether available or not, the use of these items needs to have been well documented and known to have been m use since ancient times, with no toxic effects.
4. Several herbal preparations for household use already manufactured by the Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) are also available for purchase by the public.

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Integration into Modern Medical Health Care Services

Several problems were encountered on introducing the use of herbs in state run hospitals, due to lack of research evidence and the limited budget to support research work. For example, the same plant from different localities may differ in quality and availability, as well as the traditional medicine in state run hospitals consideration must also be given to the way in which the clinical treatment provided can be divided:
1.

A partial form of practice, where community hospitals use herbs in treatment, being purchased from various areas (preferably locally). These are prescribed by the modern doctor, who has an interest in learning about Thai traditional medicine and has been trained by the National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine, for curing minor illnesses in primary health care (using herbal medicines produced by the GPO and on the hospital and sub-district list of medicines);

2.

 In a complete form of practice, a practitioner ( a qualified traditional healer) would be attached to the community hospital. He/she should have graduated from high school (or Mathayom 6), had three years training in Thin 'Traditional medicine, which cover herbal use, massage, steam herbal therapy, and community work. Thai traditional medicine clinics were set up as an initial trial run to promote herbs for healing in state an public health institutions, in 33 community hospitals and three health centers. The medicinal herbs prescribed are of two types-single herbs and mixtures, most of them in general household use. In addition studies are ongoing on a number of herbs used by traditional healers. of interest to public health officials. Thirty single herbs and 41 mixed prescriptions being used in hospitals are regularly reported to the National Institute of Thai Traditional Methane (see Tables III and IV). Most are included in the 61 herbs used in primary health cue and the 28 household remedies, (mixed herbs, approved by law for sate to the public with a few bought from the GPO). For details of the herbs used as referred above, see Tables I-V.The NITTM has been allocated budget of 3 million baht in 1994 and 1995, 12 million baht in 1996 and 16 million baht in 1997 to carried out integration clinical use in health seminar system.

 

Table I :Herbal preparations which manufacturedby the Government Pharmaceutical Organization
1. Chofibrin
2.

Curcumin Capsules
3.

Phaya Yo Cream
4.

Plygesal Cream
5.

Aloe Gel
6.

Fa- Thalai-Chon Capsules
7. Mawaeng
B. Sensed Tea
9. Senna Tablets
10. Ta-Krai-Hom Lotion (Mosquito repellent)

 

Table II :THE HOUSEHOLD DRUG (MIXED HERBS)
  NAME USE FOR
1. Ya hom thepchit wind problem, control heart rate
2. Ya hom thip-osod guidiness
3. Mahe nil thanthong fever, thirst
4. Ya Kirin Horn fever, feel hot, thirst
5. Ya prasakaproh dyspepsia
6. Ya Lung pid samut diarhea
7. Ya amaphruk vathi cough, sputum
8. Ya press mavaeng cough, sputum
9. Ya chanthalila fever
10. Ya trihom constipation & fever
11. Ya prasachandaeng fever, thirst
12. Ya horn inthrachak heart function
13. Ya prasaphlai epigastrium discomfort , abnormal mensruation
14. Ya horn navakot guidiness , vomiting
15. Ya visamphya yai dyspepsia
16. Ya that banchob diarhoea
17. Ya prasakanphlu abdominal dyscomfort
18. Ya saengmuk fever
19. Ya manthat flatuence , abnormal of elements
20. Ya faipralaikalp pospartum care , uterus contraction
21. Ya faihakong rochea secretion
22. Ya prasajetphangkhi chronic dyspepsia
23. Ya thoranisanthakhat chronic constipation
24. Ya bamrung lohit improve blood
25. Ya prasapraoyai fever & parasit for child
26. Ya mahachakyai children dis. flaturence
27. Ya navahoi chronic abdominal dyscomfort
28. Ya thai laxative
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Table III : MIXED HERBS MEDICINE (Being used In 30 hospitals)

NAME

USE FOR

FORM
1. Ya baovan diabetes boiled
2. Ya samvan   boiled
3. Ys kae rok maraeng cancer boiled
4. Ya kae rok maraeng cancer boiled
5. Ya ob samunphrai steamed bath boiled
6. Ya tom Lang Khlod postpartum boiled
7. Ya pradong load   boiled
8. Ya lom phis Urticaria boiled
9. Ya kae kamrok venereal disease boiled
10. Ya beaming name nom increase breast milk powdered
11. Ya krachai luad blood contusion powdered
12. Ya sifan samunphrai toothpaste powdered
13. Ya semen phlae wound healing powdered
14. Ya phrai load phrai yam blood contussion powdered
15. Ya load ngam blood circulation for woman powdered
16. Ya khanraksa pregnancy drug powdered
17. Ye prakhob samunphraj heat compress powdered
18. Ya thepthida powdered
19. Ya khad phieu semunphrai skin rubbing powdered
20. Ya khlai sen muscle relaxant pill
21. Ya uan increase appetite pill
22. Ya triphla Hot season pill
23. Prasaaphlai uterous disease pill
24. Ya om kae-ai samunphrai cough pill
25. Ya ayuvatana longevity pill
26. Ya chalo kwam kae gevity pill
27. Ya Ind kwam uan diet pill
28. Ya thai

laxative

pill
29. Ya Luang pid samuth

Diarhoea

tablet
30. Ya harak fever tablet
31. Ya that banchob diarrhea tablet
32. Ya prab-chomphu-thavip Asthma tablet
33. Ya khiao horn fever table
34. Ya dok barraging kamlang tonic tincture
35. Ya dom samunphrai fainting inhaler
36. Ya kasai-saeng-phet liquid
37. Yasaphom van hangcharakhae shampoo liquid
38. Ya saphom anchan shampoo liquid
39. Ya saphom makud shampoo liquid
40. Ya Lang chars manes dish washing detergent liquid
41. Ya Namman kasalad thorn apple oil  

 

Table IV : SINGLE HERB (Being used in 30 hospitals)

THAI NAME

ENGLISH NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

PREPARATION
1. Khamin Chan Turmeric Curcuma Tonga Linn. capsule
2.

Fa Thaler Chon

 hiretta

Andrographis paniculata Wall.ex Nees

 capsule
3. Khi Lek Siamese Cassia Cassiaa siamea Ban. capsule
4. Phetsangkhat   Cissus Quaadrangulars capsule
5. Krathiem Garlic Allium sattvum Linn. capsule
6. Samoh Thai Inknut Ferminalia chelula Betz. powder
7. Marked Lokhat Atrocarpus lakoocha Betz. powder
8. Kluay ham vah Banana Muss sapientum Linn. tablet
9. Thavalpriang   Darris Scandens pill
10. Boraphet   Tinospora crispa (L) pill
11. Nguak Pla Moh Sea Holy Acanous Hicifolius pill
12. Makham Khaek Sonna Cassia angustrfoka Vahl. tablet
13. Ma-vaeng   Salanum trilobatum Linn tablet
14. Chum had thes Candle bush Cassta elate Linn tea
15.

Matoom

Beal

Aegle Mannelos

tea
16. Khamfoi Safflower Carthamus amaryllifolius Roxb. tea
17. Khlu Indian March Pluchea indica Less. tea
18. Ya head maew Kidney tea plant Orthosiphon aristatus Mig. tea
19. Khing Ginger Member officinale Rose. tea
20. Parang Guava Psidium guajawa Linn. tea
21. Ya dok khao   Vernonia Creche lime. tea
22. Kracmab Daeng Roselle Hibicus sabdariffa Linn. tea
23. Rangchued   Thunbergia laurifolia tea
24. Trakhai hom Citronella grass Cymbopogon nardus Randle lotion
25. Phlai Zingiberaceae Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. cream,oil
26. Phayayo   Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau lotion
27. Thongphanchang   Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. tincture
28. Van hangchorakhae Aloe Aloe barbadensis Mill. gel
29. Chaphlu   Piper bermanicum
30.        
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There are 28 household drug ;mixed herbs) have been approved by law can be sold for public but only 8 items have been studied about toxicity (see Table 11)

There are 30 mixed herbal medicine being used in 30 hospitals now are 35 hospitals. There are 41 singles herb being used in 30 hospitals some overlap with Pharmaceutical Institute and Primary Health Care (PHC). Most of the district hospitals will select those PHC drugs which already have been approved by Department of Health Sciences with no toxicity (see Table Ill)

There are still quite a number of traditional medicine which are prescribed by folk healers, are not included in the Ministry's drug list, and have not been checked for the quality control, which have to be done.

The Public Health Services Offices have integrated Thai traditional medicine into their modern medicine treatment in 1997 as follows : community hospital 71 (10.2°/ of total number), and 84 primary health care centers (0.14 % of total number, see Table V)

There are 32, 33 provinces dealing with Thai traditional medicine m 1994, 1995 and has gone up to 69 and 75 provinces in 1996, 1997 (see Fig.5)

The services which have done are mostly Thai massage (49.17%) which there are two types of massage the ordinary one is for general people which the massager uses hands and feet, the other one is called royal massage, the massager user only hands. The second popular service is herbal steam bath 24.16%, hot compress19.04 %, the herb medication is 6.89% (Single herb 86.97%, traditional drugs recipies 13.03%, others 0.74% (see Table VI and Fig.6)

As there are incompatible of the diagnosis and treatment approaches between modem medicine and traditional medicine so Thai traditional medicine mostly grouping the diseases diagnosis for treatment by symptoms and organs as shown in Table VI and Fig.7. The most common diagnosis are musculoskelation system 31.09 % , follow with other 30% respiratory system 18.87%, gastro-intestinal system 14.38%, dermatology system 5.58% urinary system 0.12%.

A number of traditional medicines are still prescribed by folk healers that are not yet included in the Ministry's list or checked for quality control. This remains to be done.

Table V shows the extent to which Thai traditional medicine has been integrated with modem medicine in the last four years. The Thai massage, which is the most frequently used service, is of two kinds. One is used for the general public, the masseuse using his/her hands and feet, whilst in the second, or "royal massage", hands only are used.

Table VI and V1, which show the diagnosis of patients treated m the traditional way, use a symptomatic modem diagnosis in terms of systems based on symptoms which makes it easier for those untrained in the traditional diagnostic system, to understand.

The National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine also seeks funds from NGOs to help set up a Thai TradiDevelopment Fund. The portion of the Institute's budget all coated to universities is used mainly for training at different levels, dissemination of information, promotion of herbal gardens and production of Thai traditional medicines.

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Budget Allocation and Support from the Government

From the "Decade of Few Traditional Medicine Development Plan" the Ministry of Public Health has got the approval to have this Plan near the end of the 7 th and 8th Health Development Plan from 1992-2001. The Government has allocated the budget of ;

20.514,800 baht m 1994

16,130,900 baht m 1995

39,710,700 baht in 1996

72,787,100 baht m 1997

Total 4 years is 149,143,500 baht

* In 1996 the total budget of 39.710,700 baht was divided into two parts

1) 30231.700 baht for The Decade of Thai Traditional Medicine Development Project. then distributed through 4 regional centers m 13 network involving centers m Ministry of University Affairs 22266,118 baht = 73% of total budget:

2) 9.479.000 baht for constuction of museum and Thai Traditional Medicine Training Center;

* 1n 1997- 52,266.100 baht for The Decade of Thai Traditional Medicine Development Project. The budget has been divided to regional coordinating centers of 70% = 17,745,525 baht

• In 1998 - at the stage of proposing for the budget allocation of the total of 112,299,640 bunt which will give to 4 regional centers 20 million baht each for constructing Thai Tradi Medicine Hospital and Training Centers.

Moreover, the NlTTM also looking for more money from NCOS to set up Thai Traditional Medicine Development Fund.

The budget obtained from the Government by NITFM are also distributed to universities. For mostly research support and four training different levels- dissemination of information- promotion of hermcinal gardening and production of Thai traditional medicine.

The Role of Education in Improving Standards of Thai Traditional Medicine

Many projects have been carded out, such as:-Reonentation bourses for traditional healers, training village volunteers, health personnel at sublevel, district and district hospitals, and at provincial level.

1. The School of Thai Traditional Medicine 1 Ayuverdic Doctor was started by Dr. Day Ketusingh in 1982, providing a three year course. Since then developments include

2. In December 1997, The National [national of Thai Traditional Medicine (NITTM) established tire Thai Traditional Medicine Training Training Center organizing 3 training courses: one year course on Thai Traditional Pharmacy, three years course on Thai Traditional Heating and one short course (180 hours) on Thai Traditional Massage and two week training for the trainer course on Thai Traditional Medicine has been,

3. By the academic cooperation between the NITTM and various national educational institutions, three years diploma level on Health Science (Thai Traditional Medicine) shall heopenned on March 1999 at the Rajamangala Institute of Technology Pathumthani campus. By the year 2000, Sukhothai Thammathirat open University will provide a four years bachelor degree level course on Health Science (Thai Radztion Medicine). The NITTM will cooperate with the Public Health Science Department of Mahidol University to integrate Thai Traditional Medicine as elective course into the bachelor degree and post graduate level. Mahidol's faculty of Medicine. Spiral Hospital, organized Thai Traditional Medicine activities for students going to forest treks to study the medicinal plants.trees and nature in situ. harassed raculty of Medicine has included Thai traditional medicine in its 3"d year Community Medicine curricu

4 Research:- The National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine cooperates with universities throughout the country and several other institutes. Mostly, these undertake aid chemical. pharmaceutical and toxicity studies of individual medicinal plants and products. These universities include Mahidol, Chmalongkorn, Kasetsart, besides the Department of Medical Sciences (at the Ministry of Public Health).

Further cooperation is maintained with hospitals, m conducting clinical trials to obtain scientific proof of safety and efficiency of the herbal remedies. which is also of value N encouraging physicians to use the system. Cooperation with venous pars. munities is used to start medicinal plant gardens and m setting up com- growing to provide sources of Supply, important in view of the increasing demand.
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Ministry of Public Health - participation, dissemination of information

As referred above, the National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicinehas undertaken many short training courses for village volunteers, and health personnel at Tambon, District, and Provincial levels and for decision makers at national level. Frequent workshops and seminars have been held for researchers and other concerned persons and groups such as nurses, for example. There is now also a part tune one year course run by NITTM

Dissemination of information about Thai traditional medicine has been carried out by means of all the various media available. Leaflets, handbooks, textbooks containing collections of prescriptions, research publication have all been distributed,. Besides, radio and television programmers have dealt with the subject. Some publications are now available on diskettes. Demonstrations have been held also at specially organized Traditional Medicine Fairs with participation of a large number of herbal producers and individual practitioners.

A specially designed shop, "RAAN THAI", for the marketing of Thai traditional medicine, herbal cosmetics, whole/organic foods, and providing traditional massage and herbal steam baths, was set up last year at the Ministry of Public Health. This provided an outlet for many groups growing and marketing herbal products in different redoing of the country. After a six month trial period the project was deemed a success and commercially viable. A decision was made to Franchise these facilities RAAN THAI and this is ongoing, including the question of quality control, provision of supplies and increase in the type and availability (as mentioned) of produce from the primary herbs, fruits etc. Or processed / manufactured.

 

Collating and other activities by the National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine

The Director of the Institute and her colleagues have compiled the concepts underlying the traditional medicine in relation to potential individual diagnosis, and produced a computerized circular format which can facilitate choosing the appropriate prescription.

Efforts are continuously being made to try and collect all the old prescriptions and herbal usage before the knowledge about them gets lost or forgotten.

The National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine is also working to try and have a career structure introduced by the Ministry of public Health for qualified practitioners of Thai traditional medicine working in Government service, to encourage more personnel to take up posts within ft national health service and help spread the use of traditional medicine through the country and at all levels of health service provision.

 

APPENDIX 1
List of herbs that have already been promoted to use in primary health care
Holy basil ocimum tenuiflorun Linn.  
Jamica sorrel Hibicus sabdariffa Line.  
Krachai Boesenbergia Pandurata (Roxb) Schltr.  
Ka thus zingiber zerumbet Smith.  
Garlic Allium sativum Linn.  
Siam cardamom Amomum krervanh Pierre.  
Clove Syzygium oromaticum (Lion.) Merr.& Parry.  
Banana Musa sepientum Linn,  
Orange jasmine Murraya paniculata (Lion.) Jack  
Galanga Alpinia galanga (Lion.) Sw.  
Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.  
Cassod tree Cassia siamea Britt.  
Turmeric Carmine Tonga Linn.  
Fleabane Pinches logics Less.  
Siamese rough bust Streblus; asper Lour.  
Golden shower Cassia fistula Linn.  
Ring worm bush Cassia altar Linn.  
Long pepper Piper retrofractum Vahl.  
Ivy gourd Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt.  
Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.  
Garden Balsam Impatiens balsamina Linn.  
Thong phan chang Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz.  
Pomegranate Punica granaturn Lynn.  
Sugar apple Annona squamosa Linn.  
Heart-leaved moon seed Tinospora crispa (L.) Miens ex Hook.F.&  
Asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban.  
Guava Psndmm guajava Linn.  
Pam cress Spilanthes acmella (Linn.) Murr.  
Beach Morning glory Ipomoea pas-caprae (Lion.) Sweet  
Phe kaa Oroxylum indicum Vent.  
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